I. The Plucked String Instruments

1. The lute family

 Pipa- four-stringed lute with 30 frets and pear-shaped body. The instrumentalist holds thepipaupright and play with five small plectra attached to each finger of the right hand. The pipa history can be dated back at least 2,000 years and developed from pentatonic to full scales. This instrument has extremely wide dynamic range and remarkable expressive power.

 Liuqin - a smaller version of pipa with four strings,which sound similar to mandolin.Liuqinis played with a piece of spectrum, and is used to be accompany instrument for folk songs and local opera. However, in recent decades, Composer Wang Huiran made great contribution to its making and composed many pieces such that theliuqinalso becomes a soloist instrument.

 Sanxian- A long necked lute with three strings without frets. In Chinese, "san" and "xian" stands for "three" and "strings", respectively. The sound-body is made of round wooden box covered with snake skin, just likeerhu. A piece of plectrum is used to play the instrument. This instrument is often used for accompanying folk songs and local opera. The sanxian is most popular in the north.

 Ruan- very ancient four-stringed moon-shaped lute with long and straight neck and various number of frets, dated back at least to Qin Dynasty (around 200 BC).Ruanis used to be called "p'i-p'a" (pipa) or qin-pipa. Since the introduction of the odd-like lute through the "silk-road" in the early Tang Dynasty (around 5th century), the pipa gradually developed into the present form, and the old form of pipa with straight-neck and round body got the name "Ruan", after the name of the master player of this instrument, Ruan Xian who was one of the seven great scholars known as "The Seven Gentlemen" in Chinese history of the 3rd century (the Six Dynasties). Ruan Xian refused to serve the tyrant emperor Sima, and preferred to live as truly artist. He was persecuted. Just before execution, he performed his famous composition "Guang Ling San" in front of his students and friends to encourage them and to bit farewell. TheRuanis mostly used for Peking opera, and now also in modern Chinese orchestra. There are family of ruan of various size including "Zhong Ruan" (middle Ruan) and "Da Ruan" (large Ruan) used in the same sense as viola and cello in western orchestra.

 Yueqin- moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four strings, played with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas. "Yue" stands for "the moon" in Chinese.

2. The zither family

 Guqin- seven-stringed zither without bridges, the most classical Chinese instrument with over 3000 years of history. It is literally called qin yet commonly known as "guqin" where "gu" stands for ancient. Confucius (around 600 BC) was a master of this instrument. To learn to play qin used to be regarded as a very important element for education for the purpose of enriching the heart and elevating human spirit. In Imperial China, a scholars and ladies of the high society were expected to master the four arts, namely, theqin(guqin),qi(weiqi or Go),shu(Calligraphy), and hua (painting). The guqin has historically been regarded as the symbol of Chinese high culture. Unfortunately only small number of people in China could play the instrument, because classical musical education of this kind has never reached general public. The situation for today has not been improved much, which is a shame. The situation for lute pipa was similar. Due to this reason, a lot of ancient repertoire were lost with the pass-away of masters or the written scores were burned or destroyed in war or turmoil. However, the guqin repertoire has been better preserved than all other instruments.

 Zheng or Guzheng- Chinese zither with movable bridges and 16 - 25 strings. In the same family there are the Japanese koto, the Vietnamese dan tranh and the Korean kayagum

3. The harp family

 Konghou- One of the most ancient Chinese music instruments that appeared in written texts of the Spring and Autumn period (around 600 BC). The structure of thekonghoulooks similar to the harp, however, with its bridges spanning the strings in the way similar to guzheng. There were thewo-konghou(horizontalkonghou),su-konghou(vertical konghou) and phoenix-head konghou. Unfortunately not much of this ancient instrument has been preserved. The reproduction of thekonghoustarted in the mid 50's. The structure of Today'skonghouis a combination ofsu-konghouandwo-konghouwith the shape similar to harp. The performing skill is diversified. Besides right-hand techniques, the left hand can play vibratos, glissandos, etc. The tone quality is mellow and graceful and has a typical Chinese flavour.

II. The Bowed String Instruments:The huqin family

 Erhu- orEr-Hu, a two-stringed fiddle, is one of the most popular Chinese instruments in the Hu-qin family, whereHumeans "foreign" or "the northern folk" in Chinese.

 Zhong-Hu: If we call the "Erhu" Chinese violin, theZhong-Huis then the Chinese viola, where "Zhong" stands for "middle", thus the abbreviated name for the mid-pitched Erhu. It was developed on the basis ofErhuin the 1940s. Both the structure and performing skill of these two kinds ofHu-Qinare quite the same, yet Zhong-Hu has a deeper-sounding timbre but not as agile. Being more suitable for singing melodies (particularly some Mongolian melodies),Zhong-Huis thus often used as tutti or accompanying instruments, sometimes for solo too.

 Jing-Hu: Principally used as accompanying instrument for Beijing Opera,Jing-Huis another important two-stringed fiddle in theHuqinfamily. It was developed in the Qin Dynasty (around 1790), which is often called theHu-Qin. The pitch ofJing-Huis the highest among all instruments of theHu-Qinfamily. Due to its forceful and clarion timbre,Jing-Huis suitable almost exclusively for Beijing opera.

 Ban-Hu:Ban-Huhas many other names such asPang-Hu, Qin-Hu, Hu-HuandDa-Xian, etc. It is the leading accompanying instrument forBang-Ziand other northern tunes or ballads, particularly for the local operas in Henan Province, central China. Similar toJing-Hu, the timbre ofBan-Huis clarion and bright, which makes it hard to join other instruments for tutti. Therefore it's usually for solo, especially for presenting joyful and passionate moods.

 Gao-Hu:Gao-Hu, also called High-pitchedErhuorYue-Hu, is especially designed for playing Cantonese folk melodies and operas. Gao-Hu is often used for performing vivid and brisk rhythms, particularly for higher-pitched tunes that Erhu cannot play. In comparison withErhu,Gao-Huhas louder volume yet brighter tones, and thus it servers both as solo and leading instrument in performing Cantonese operas and folk melodies.

 Sihu: four stringed huqin used for accompanying local opera, most commonly found in the North, such as Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. It is one of the three leading instruments (together withdizi,yangqin) in "Er Ren Tai" of Inner Mongolia. "Si" stands for "four" in Chinese. The structure is similar toErhuexcept it has four strings. The horse-hair of the bow is divided into two group that go between the four strings.

 Horse-headed qin (Ma Tou Qin): The horse-headed qin or horse-headed violin is a typical Mongolian bowed instrument with two strings, however, very different fromEr-Hu. The horse hair of the bow doesn't go between the two strings, instead, the instrument and the way of playing is more similar to cello than to erhu. The instrument was originally made from a horse head for the body, horse skin for the resonator, and horse hair for the strings and bow. The music played upon this instrument is of great variety and virtuosity. Much of the music typically sounds like human voice, and can imitate a horse to such an extent as real such as galloping horse, the whinnying, etc. The modern horse-headed qin has a wooden body and soundboard, 2 horse hair strings, and has a rich warm tone and very beautiful sound. The peghead is decorated with a detailed carving of a horse's head.

III. Hammered string instruments-Yang-Qinor Chinese dulcimer

 Yangqinis a Chinese hammered dulcimer with a near-squared soundboard. The instrument is very similar to Satur, play with two bamboo sticks.